What Is This Structure Called

What is This Structure Called? A Deep Dive into Architectural Terminology and Identification

Have you ever stumbled upon a beautiful building, a fascinating bridge, or even a peculiar shed and wondered, "What is this structure called?" Identifying architectural styles and structural forms can seem daunting, but with a little knowledge and observation, it becomes a rewarding pursuit. This article will equip you with the tools to understand and describe various architectural structures, encompassing diverse styles, materials, and historical contexts. We'll delve into the key features that distinguish different types of structures, helping you confidently answer that question: "What is this structure called?"

Introduction: Deconstructing the Built Environment

The built environment encompasses a vast range of structures, from humble dwellings to towering skyscrapers. Understanding the terminology used to describe these structures is crucial for appreciating their design, history, and engineering. This guide will navigate you through the complexities of architectural classification, focusing on practical identification techniques. We'll explore various structural elements, architectural styles, and common building materials, providing a comprehensive framework for analyzing and naming any structure you encounter. We'll cover everything from simple vernacular architecture to complex modern designs.

Key Elements in Structural Identification:

Before we dive into specific structures, let’s establish the fundamental elements we'll use for identification:

• Form and Shape: The overall shape and silhouette of the structure are crucial. Is it rectangular, circular, conical, or irregular? Does it have multiple wings or levels?
• Roofline: The roof is a significant identifying feature. Is it gabled, hipped, mansard, flat, or dome-shaped? The material used (tiles, slate, shingles) also contributes to identification.
• Materials: The materials used in construction heavily influence the structure's appearance and style. Common materials include brick, stone, wood, concrete, steel, and glass. Observe the texture, color, and arrangement of the materials.
• Architectural Style: Identifying the architectural style often involves considering historical context and stylistic elements. Examples include Gothic, Romanesque, Baroque, Victorian, Art Deco, Modern, and many more.
• Structural System: This refers to how the building supports itself. Is it load-bearing (walls support the roof), post-and-beam (columns and beams support the roof), or a more complex system like a steel frame?
• Decorative Elements: Ornamentation such as columns, moldings, cornices, and window details can provide significant clues about the structure's style and period.
• Function: The intended use of the structure often influences its design. A church will have different features than a warehouse or a residential dwelling.

Exploring Different Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide

Let's explore some prominent architectural styles and their defining characteristics:

1. Classical Architecture (Greek and Roman Influences):

• Key Features: Symmetry, columns (Ionic, Doric, Corinthian), pediments (triangular gable ends), entablatures (horizontal bands above columns), and use of classical orders.
• Examples: Government buildings, museums, and neoclassical homes.

2. Gothic Architecture (Medieval Europe):

• Key Features: Pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses (external supports), stained-glass windows, and ornate detailing.
• Examples: Cathedrals, churches, and some castles.

3. Romanesque Architecture (Preceding Gothic):

• Key Features: Rounded arches, thick walls, small windows, and relatively simple ornamentation.
• Examples: Churches, castles, and monastic buildings.

4. Baroque Architecture (17th-18th Centuries):

• Key Features: Ornate decoration, dramatic curves, elaborate facades, and use of contrasting light and shadow.
• Examples: Palaces, churches, and grand public buildings.

5. Victorian Architecture (19th Century):

• Key Features: Highly decorative, often asymmetrical, with a variety of styles blended together (Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne).
• Examples: Homes, public buildings, and railway stations.

6. Art Deco Architecture (1920s-1930s):

• Key Features: Geometric shapes, streamlined forms, decorative motifs (sunbursts, zigzags), and use of luxurious materials.
• Examples: Skyscrapers, movie theaters, and luxury hotels.

7. Modern Architecture (20th Century onwards):

• Key Features: Simple forms, clean lines, functional design, open floor plans, and often the use of steel and glass. Sub-styles include International Style, Bauhaus, and Brutalism.
• Examples: Skyscrapers, houses, and public buildings.

8. Postmodern Architecture (Late 20th Century onwards):

• Key Features: Reaction against the minimalist tendencies of Modernism; often incorporating historical styles, playful elements, and a rejection of uniformity.
• Examples: A wide range of buildings that often incorporate playful and unexpected elements.

9. Vernacular Architecture:

• Key Features: Buildings that are adapted to local climate, materials, and culture. There's a huge diversity within this category, depending on the region and cultural influences.
• Examples: Traditional farmhouses, barns, and other locally-built structures.

Beyond Styles: Understanding Structural Systems

While architectural styles offer a visual framework, understanding the structural systems provides a deeper comprehension of how a building is constructed and stands.

• Load-Bearing Walls: The simplest system, where walls carry the weight of the roof and floors. Common in older buildings and smaller structures.
• Post-and-Beam Construction: Uses vertical posts (columns) and horizontal beams to support the roof. Allows for larger spans and more open interiors.
• Steel Frame Construction: A skeleton of steel beams supports the building, allowing for much taller and larger structures. Often used in skyscrapers.
• Concrete Frame Construction: Similar to steel frame, but using reinforced concrete columns and beams. Provides fire resistance and strength.
• Truss Systems: Lightweight and strong frameworks of interconnected triangles, often used for roofs and bridges.

Putting It All Together: A Step-by-Step Guide to Identification

Let's outline a systematic approach to identifying an unknown structure:

1. Observe the overall form and shape: Is it long and rectangular, square, circular, or irregular? How many stories does it have?
2. Examine the roofline: Is it gabled, hipped, flat, mansard, or dome-shaped? What material is it made of?
3. Identify the main materials: What are the walls, roof, and foundation made of? (brick, stone, wood, concrete, steel, etc.)
4. Analyze the decorative elements: Are there columns, moldings, cornices, or other decorative features? What style do they suggest?
5. Consider the architectural style: Based on the previous observations, can you identify a dominant architectural style (e.g., Gothic, Victorian, Modern)?
6. Determine the function of the structure: What purpose does the building serve? This can help narrow down the possibilities.
7. Research and compare: Once you have gathered your observations, research similar structures online or in architectural books. Compare your findings to refine your identification.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

• Q: What if the building is a hybrid of several styles? A: Many buildings blend elements from different styles. Focus on the dominant features and describe the building as a hybrid, noting the prominent styles involved.
• Q: How can I learn more about architectural styles? A: Explore architectural history books, visit museums, and use online resources to learn about different styles and their characteristics.
• Q: Is there a definitive guide to architectural terminology? A: While no single guide covers every term, comprehensive architectural dictionaries and encyclopedias offer extensive information.
• Q: What if I can't identify the structure? A: Don't be discouraged! Architectural identification is a skill that develops with practice and knowledge. Continue to observe and learn, and you'll improve your ability to identify structures over time.

Conclusion: The Ongoing Journey of Architectural Discovery

Identifying architectural structures is an enriching experience that blends observation, knowledge, and historical context. By understanding the key elements – form, material, style, and function – you'll be well-equipped to appreciate the intricate details of the built environment. This guide provides a foundation for your journey into architectural identification. Remember that practice makes perfect; the more you observe and analyze, the more proficient you'll become in confidently answering the question: "What is this structure called?" The world of architecture is a vast and fascinating landscape; enjoy exploring it!